'[#[What Is VCV Rack?]
'[t[t uiWindow]'[i[disk/npc/merchant2.gif] VCV Rack is free open source software for creating Eurorack-style modular synthesizer patches. ("VCV" doesn't actually stand for anything!) '[/t]
'[t[t shade pad5]Synthesizers'[/t] use electricity to generate sounds.
'[t[t shade pad5]Modular Synthesizers'[/t] are assembled from multiple smaller '[t[t shade pad5]Modules'[/t]
'[t[t shade pad5]Modules'[/t] are each responsible for a single discreet function: one might generate the waveform, the next might modify it with a volume envelope, a third might add a reverb effect, etc.
'[t[t shade pad5]Eurorack'[/t] is a specific approach to modular synthesis, standardizing how modules are linked together.
In essence, your goal with VCV Rack is to load modules onto your rack, then wire them together to create your own modular synthesizer patch!
'[i[//botb.nfshost.com/lyceum/i-am-new-to-vcv-rack/demo patch.gif]
'[#[Getting Started]
'[t[t boxLink]Register for an account, install VCV Rack, and configure your installation.'[/t]
1.) '[b]Create an account'[/b] at '[l[https://library.vcvrack.com/ [library.VCVRack.com] - '[b]yes this is a necessary step!!!'[/b] your library of modules you will use to create your patches is managed completely through this site.
2.) '[b]Install VCV Rack'[/b], grab the latest FREE version from '[l[https://vcvrack.com/Rack#get[VCVRack.com].
3.) '[b]Clear the default patch'[/b] - VCV Rack opens with a demo patch by default - clear that by selecting all modules '[t[t tmono]Edit > Select All'[/t], then deleting them '[t[t tmono]Edit > Delete'[/t], then saving your empty rack as the default patch '[t[t tmono]File > Overwrite Template'[/t]
'[i[//botb.nfshost.com/lyceum/i-am-new-to-vcv-rack/empty rack.PNG]
4.) '[b]Log in to your account'[/b] '[t[t tmono]Library > Log in'[/t] (use the same login you used in step #1 - you log into the library on the website, and log into it the same way in the VCV Rack app.)
'[i[//botb.nfshost.com/lyceum/i-am-new-to-vcv-rack/vcv login.PNG]
Now let's start your new patch! '[t[t tmono]File > New'[/t] , and right-click in any empty space in your rack to pop up your module library.
'[i[//botb.nfshost.com/lyceum/i-am-new-to-vcv-rack/rack library.PNG]
See all the pretty modules? You're now ready to start building your first patch!
'[t[t uiWindow]'[i[disk/npc/merchant1.gif] '[t[t shade pad5]Patches'[/t] are groups of modules '[o]patched'[/o] together.
Think of a patch as a snapshot of all the things you currently have laid out in your rack.'[/t]
'[#[Make Some Noise]
Let's start at the very beginning, with a module that generates a waveform. You know what a sine wave looks like, don't you?
'[i[//botb.nfshost.com/lyceum/i-am-new-to-vcv-rack/sin oscilliscope.gif]
It's just a sound wave that oscillates up and down in a nice smooth curve - and in VCV Rack, most of the modules that make sound are labeled '[t[t shade pad5]Oscillator'[/t].
Start a brand new patch, with a completely empty rack.
'[t[t uiWindow]'[i[disk/npc/merchant1.gif] Keep your rack updated!'[/t]
A good habit to get into is to check to see whether there are any updates available for your library - always make sure you're working with the latest version of your modules. Go ahead and update if you need to - when you're done, you'll need to close-and-reopen VCV Rack to see the updates take effect. (Make sure to save your patch before you close it after updating!)
'[i[//botb.nfshost.com/lyceum/i-am-new-to-vcv-rack/vcv update all.PNG]
'[#[Oscillator Module]
'[t[t boxLink]Add a VCO (Voltage-Controlled Oscillator) to generate an audio signal.'[/t]
Right-click your empty rack, wait for your module library to load, then type "vco" into the '[icon[search] search box.
Click on the VCO module to drop it onto your rack.
'[i[//botb.nfshost.com/lyceum/i-am-new-to-vcv-rack/just vco.PNG]
Not very impressive on its own, is it? Along the bottom of the module, you can see outputs for the 4 different waveforms that VCO can produce: Sine, Triangle, Sawtooth, and Square.
'[t[t uiWindow]'[i[disk/npc/merchant2.gif] Interface elements are usually labeled with abbreviated text - hover over them to get a tooltip with a more complete description. '[/t]
One of the important lessons to learn about VCV Rack is that it is 'always on,' it is always 'playing' - even if you can't see or hear anything happening, trust me, that VCO module is currently generating those 4 waveforms, just waiting for you to do something with them.
'[#[Visual Module]
'[t[t boxLink]Add a Scope to visualize the audio signal output by the VCO.'[/t]
Right-click, type "scope" into the '[icon[search] search box, and add the Scope to your rack.
Click and drag the VCO sine output to the Scope In 1 input, and...
'[i[//botb.nfshost.com/lyceum/i-am-new-to-vcv-rack/vco sin to scope.gif]
... Wait.
'[o]Why is nothing happening?'[/o].
Gotcha!!
Nothing is happening because '[b]I '[o]LIED'[/o] to you!'[/b]
'[t[t uiWindow]'[i[disk/npc/merchant2.gif] Without a properly configured external audio interface module, you will NEVER hear any sound from VCV Rack, and in fact most of the modules won't even function at all! '[/t]
Sorry about the fake-out, but I think it's an essential first lesson: the external audio interface module is the '[o]first'[/o] thing you should add to any new patch.
'[b]We did it wrong here on purpose'[/b] - hopefully, in the future, you will remember to do it right!
'[#[External Audio Interface Module]
'[t[t boxLink]Add Audio 2 to route the audio signal from the VCO to your device's speakers.'[/t]
Right-click, type "audio 2" into the '[icon[search] search box, and add the Audio 2 to your rack.
'[i[//botb.nfshost.com/lyceum/i-am-new-to-vcv-rack/vcv audio 2.PNG]
This module sends audio from VCV Rack to your computer, so you can hear what your patch sounds like. What audio, you may ask? Why, the audio from your VCO, of course!
You've already wired the VCO sine wave output into the Scope - so let's continue that chain, by wiring the Scope Out 1 output to the Audio L/Mon input.
'[i[//botb.nfshost.com/lyceum/i-am-new-to-vcv-rack/vco to scope to audio.gif]
Now the audio signal has a continuous path to follow: It originates at the VCO, passes through the Scope, and arrives at its destination, the Audio 2.
Finally - we need to tell the Audio 2 where that audio is being sent - click on the drop down menu (currently set to 'no device') and select the proper device.
I hear you asking, "Which is the proper device to select?"
I don't know!
It depends on your setup! If you don't know your own device, that's okay - just click through the options until you find one that works!
'[i[//botb.nfshost.com/lyceum/i-am-new-to-vcv-rack/audio device select.gif]
In Windows 10, I can hover over the volume icon on my taskbar - the tooltip shows which audio device your computer is currently using to output sound, and chances are you'll want to choose the same in VCV Rack. So in my case, I'm using the WASAPI driver, and my USB Mixer device.
Regardless, you'll know that it works because you'll see the Scope module start displaying the content of the VCO's sine wave audio signal, and you'll hear the resulting tone playing through your computer speakers! Lovely!
... and that's going to get annoying fast, so let's give ourselves a little more control over the sound.
'[#[Amplifier Module]
'[t[t boxLink]Add a VCA (Voltage-Controlled Amplifier) to control the volume of the audio signal from the VCO.'[/t]
Open up your module library, '[icon[search] search for "VCA" and add the VCA module to your rack.
Instead of routing the sinewave from your VCO directly to the Scope (and onwards to Audio 2) let's pass it through the VCA first. Wire the VCO sine output into the VCA nput, and then wire the VCA output back to the Scope input 1.
'[i[//botb.nfshost.com/lyceum/i-am-new-to-vcv-rack/vca hookup and turn down.gif]
Just to review, we have created a signal chain that originates at an oscillator (VCO), passes through an amplifier (VCA), then a visualizer (Scope), and finally ends up at our external audio interface (Audio 2) - and now we can click and drag the yellow volume bar on the VCA down to get away from the sine wave!
...hey, you wanna try something weird?
'[#[Low-Frequency Oscillator Module]
'[t[t boxLink]What's the difference between the audio signal generated by the VCO, and the CV (Control Voltage) signal generated by an LFO (Low-Frequency Oscillator?)'[/t]
Right-click and add the LFO to your rack.
'[i[//botb.nfshost.com/lyceum/i-am-new-to-vcv-rack/vso vs lfo.gif]
Hey, that looks almost identical to the VCO we've been using to generate our sine wave - what's up with that?
Our VCO generates an audio signal - but the LFO generates a control signal, aka CV.
Wanna see what the LFO signal looks like? Let's wire it up to our Scope and take a look!
'[i[//botb.nfshost.com/lyceum/i-am-new-to-vcv-rack/lfo tri to scope.gif]
Click and drag the LFO triangle output to the Scope input 2, and hey look, that's a triangle wave alright!
Wanna hear what the LFO signal sounds like? Just wire Audio 2 to Scope's output 2, and...
'[i[//botb.nfshost.com/lyceum/i-am-new-to-vcv-rack/lfo tri to audio.gif]
... '[o]Nothing'[/o].
Hey, look, don't be disappointed, I did try to warn you - '[b]the VCO generates an audio signal, the LFO generates a control signal'[/b], you can't really hear it, it's too low.
How low? Let's mouseover the two Frequency knobs to find out:
'[i[//botb.nfshost.com/lyceum/i-am-new-to-vcv-rack/vco vs lfo freq.gif]
Looks like our VCO is outputting at ~261Hz, while our LFO is outputting at 2Hz. They don't call it a 'Low-Frequency Oscillator' for nothing, eh?
'[t[t uiWindow]'[i[disk/npc/merchant1.gif] Humans can hear frequencies roughly between 20hz and 20,000hz - the LFO signal of 2hz is far too low to be heard! '[/t]
'[#[Listen To The Sound Of An LFO]
'[t[t boxLink]Wire the VCO to play in your left speaker, and the LFO to play in your right speaker, to compare the two sounds.'[/t]
Okay, okay, okay, fine, you '[o]really'[/o] want to hear what it sounds like? Let's have some fun!
First, let's get a fresh start by clearing away our existing cables - select all the modules, then right-click the selected group and choose ''Disconnect cables."
'[i[//botb.nfshost.com/lyceum/i-am-new-to-vcv-rack/disconnect all cables.gif]
Now we wire back up the VCO, through the VCA, through the Scope, and into the Audio 2's Left input -
'[i[//botb.nfshost.com/lyceum/i-am-new-to-vcv-rack/vco to audio left.gif]
Make sure the volume slider on your VCA is turned back up so you can hear the sine wave.
And then in turn we will wire the LFO through the Scope and into the Audio 2's Right input -
'[i[//botb.nfshost.com/lyceum/i-am-new-to-vcv-rack/lfo to audio right.gif]
Then finally, turn up the LFO frequency until we reach ~261 Hz, and the pitch sounds the same in both ears - the sine wave from the VCO in the left, and the triangle wave from the LFO on the right!
'[i[//botb.nfshost.com/lyceum/i-am-new-to-vcv-rack/lfo freq to 260.gif]
Neat! But that's really not the LFO's intended use - as I mentioned before, the LFO's output is intended to be used as a *control* signal, not an audio signal - so let's use it to control something?
'[#[Control Voltage Signals]
'[t[t boxLink]Use the CV signal from the LFO to control the volume of the VCA.'[/t]
First let's unhook Scope's output 2 from Audio 2's right input, leaving us with just the boring old sinewave.
Still kind of annoyingly loud, isn't it?
What if we could turn the volume up and down '[o]periodically'[/o] - say, in the same way that the LFO triangle's wave moves up and down?
Let's wire the LFO triangle output to our VCA's CV input!
'[i[//botb.nfshost.com/lyceum/i-am-new-to-vcv-rack/lfo tri to vca.gif]
Whoa, that's weird - the volume on the VCA is flickering up and down super fast... almost as if it were moving at ~260 Hz! Hey, isn't that frequency we turned the LFO up to? Let's turn it down to something a little more reasonable...
'[i[//botb.nfshost.com/lyceum/i-am-new-to-vcv-rack/vca lfo freq down.gif]
We can see the triangle wave from the LFO reflected not only in the Scope, but also in the volume meter on the VCA! And the higher the frequency of the LFO, the faster the volume changes!
(Note that although we are now using a VC signal to control the volume level of the VCA, the levels only change within the bounds of what we've set by dragging the yellow bar up or down - if you drag the bar all the way down, effectively muting the signal, you can't use VC to turn it back up again. Not all modules work this way, but the VCA uses the volume bar as a base, and then allows the user to control the volume within that base via CV.)
'[#[Frequency Modulation]
'[t[t boxLink]Use the CV signal from the LFO to control the frequency of the VCO.'[/t]
Let's go crazy and wire the LFO sine output over the the VCO FM input! FM stands for 'Frequency Modulation' - the starting frequency, 261.63 Hz, will be modulated by the incoming signal from the LFO - as the triangle wave moves up and down, it will pull the frequency outputted by the VCO along with it!
'[i[//botb.nfshost.com/lyceum/i-am-new-to-vcv-rack/lfo sin to vco fm.gif]
... okay, but why doesn't it sound any different?
You may notice that the VCO has a little knob next to the fm input - this controls the strength of the frequency modulation, by percentage. Currently it's set to 0%, so nothing much is happening... let's crank it up to 100%!
'[i[//botb.nfshost.com/lyceum/i-am-new-to-vcv-rack/vco fm up.gif]
Yay! Are your ears bleeding yet? Turn down the volume on the VCA if you need to.
Notice that the yellow volume slider continues to pulse as much as it's able, even if you've turned down the volume available to it. As I mentioned before, VCV Rack is *always running* - there is no way to 'stop' all the sound, without messing with the modules directly. You'll very quickly get used to keeping track of where to turn your volume down when you get tired of listening to your patch!
'[#[Something Else blah blah blah]
'[t[t boxLink]...to be continued.'[/t]
'[#[Interact With The Rack]
'[ul[
'[li[Right-click an empty space to bring up the module library.]
'[li[Hover over a control or module element to bring up a tooltip with descriptive text.]
'[li[Left-click and drag from an output to an input (or vice versa) to wire the two together.]
'[li[Hover over a wired input/output to see the current voltage running through the module in the tooltip.]
'[li[Middle-click and drag to pan around your view of your rack.]
'[li[Hold CTRL + scroll wheel or plus and minus keys to zoom in and out on your rack.]
'[li[Hold CTRL while clicking and dragging a control (knob, slider, etc) to get more precise control over values.]
'[li[Right-click a control to enter an explicit value e.g. set something to exactly 5.6%]
'[li[Double-left-click a control to reset it to its default value.]
'[li[Left-click and drag a module to reposition it on the rack.]
]
'[#[Anatomy Of A Module]
'[t[t boxLink]The GUI of each module is made up of 4 elements: Inputs, Outputs, Controls, and Displays.'[/t]
'[ul[
'[li[Input - signals are recieved, via voltage over wires, by inputs.]
'[li[Outputs - signals are sent, via voltage over wires, from outputs.]
'[li[Controls - allow the user to change the parameters of the module - knobs, buttons, sliders, text input fields, anything that allows the user to interact with the functionality of the module.]
'[li[Displays - generally not interactive, these expose something about the state of the module to the user, e.g. the volume level or pitch of an audio signal, the periodicity or amplitude of a CV signal, whether a control is toggled off or on, etc.]
]
- diagram of inputs, outputs, readouts, and controls of each module we've worked with so far, highlighted with boxes and stuff
'[#[Tick Tock Clock]
'[#[Play it like a piano]
'[#[Sequencing]
'[#[A little percussion]
'[#[Glossary]
'[ul[
'[li[Rack - the framework that your Patch is built upon - IRL this literally refers to the metal rack that the modules are physically slotted into.]
'[li[Patch - a collection of Modules that have been patched together via wiring inputs to outputs.]
'[li[Module - a discreet piece of a Patch, often only responsible for one fuction e.g. generating a waveform, controlling volume, generating a sequence of notes, etc.]
'[li[Oscillator - an audio signal generator. All sound we hear is transmitted to our ears in the form of vibrations through the air - similarly, all audio signals in VCV Rack are transmitted to your speakers in the form of audio signals through the wires. An Oscillator vibrates the signal up and down, the same way an audible sound vibrates up and down through the air.]
'[li[CV - Control Voltage, intended to be used as input to control modules, rather than as audio to be output to speakers. The VCO outputs an audio signal, the LFO outputs a CV signal.]
'[li[Oscilloscope - a Visualizer module that displays a graphical representation of a signal.]
'[li[hz - Hertz, a measure of how many times something happens per second. The frequency that an audio signal oscillates, for instance, can be measured in Hertz - C4, the middle C note on a piano keyboard, oscillates at a frequency of ~261hz, for example, which is (not coincidentally) the default frequency output by the VCO module.]
]
'[t[t list]pull quote maybe or callout or clarification or caution'[/t]
'[t[t tmono]also perhaps this for code'[/t]
'[t[t shade pad5]this is shady - maybe a good caption style'[/t]
'[t[t boxLink]could this be a button or chit instead of full width'[/t]
'[t[t lilBox]hello yes so basically i am very smol - for snarky asides? footnotes?'[/t]
'[c]xyz.something()[-1]'[/c]
okay now let's try inlining
Eu non picanha '[t[t list]aliquip bresaola duis pastrami'[/t] pork chop culpa cupim
Dolore ham labore '[t[t tmono]aliquip bresaola duis pastrami'[/t] Andouille chislic tempor salami quis est
Nostrud excepteur '[t[t shade pad5]tongue'[/t] jerky enim nulla cow bacon
Cillum in qui ut ullamco '[t[t boxLink]duis shankle'[/t] id venison mollit pancetta frankfurter sausage enim
Swine commodo anim cillum '[t[t lilBox]voluptate kielbasa'[/t] est lorem pig
Non velit sausage do '[c]Exercitation'[/c] adipisicing flank pork chop tail capicola
'[icon[signalist] '[icon[formats/vcv_rack]
'[icon[alert] '[icon[speaker] '[icon[speakerNO]
'[icon[tiny_heart] '[icon[disk] '[icon[bug] '[icon[heart] '[icon[key] '[icon[outbound] '[icon[zip] '[icon[votes] '[icon[wrench]
'[icon[eye] '[icon[search] '[icon[list] '[icon[pedagogist] '[icon[n00b]
'[icon[youtube] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BuaKtIjSY_A '[icon[youtube]
'[l[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BuaKtIjSY_A ['[icon[youtube] this video link looks better ]
'[i[disk/npc/merchant1.gif]
'[i[disk/npc/merchant2.gif]
'[i[disk/npc/taxman.gif]
'[i[disk/npc/double_pony.gif]
'[i[disk/npc/ducky.gif]
'[i[disk/npc/gnome.gif]
'[i[disk/npc/monkey.gif]
'[i[disk/npc/humanity.gif]
'[i[disk/npc/beer.gif]
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'[i[//botb.nfshost.com/vombot%20just%20draw%20a%20piano.PNG[l]
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